The Problem Facing The Small Manufacturing - 1569 Words

One of the ways to prevent fraud in any organization is to eliminate opportunities for fraud. This is done through a â€Å"good system of internal controls, discourage collusion, have a whistle-blowing system in place, create an expectation of punishment, and engage in proactive fraud auditing† (Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht and Zimbleman, p 105). In this case, the main problem facing the small manufacturing is the fact that there is no effective internal control system. The internal control system is a process company uses to achieve their organization’s objectives in operational effectiveness and efficiency. Also, a good internal control includes proper physical control of company’s assets, proper authorizations, separation of responsibilities, checks and balances, and proper documentation. However, a weak internal control will definitely lead to opportunities for fraud. In this case, a firm only has one purchasing agent who is also responsible for a vendor’s account. Because of this weak internal control system, the opportunities are ceased by the perpetrator (Purchasing agent) to fraud the company. The lack of proper segregation of duties led to the misappropriation of the company’s assets and distorts accounting records as a direct result of insufficient employees. Although a small firm may not be able to pay for the cost of proper segregation of duties, but such firm should think of its benefits and at least get a less expensive segregation of duties that can still preventShow MoreRelatedCase Study Toyota Motor Corporation Australia1739 Words   |  7 Pagesand body panels and gradually expanded its operation to exporting and manufacturing new models. Finally, the local operations were unified as Toyota Motor Corporation Australia in 1998. Toyota appeared to be a local market leader for the first time in 1991 and remained top marke t share in Australia for 11 years continuously since 2003. 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Patient Education Free Essays

Psychosocial Factors and Patient Education 09 Oct 11 Zahava Ohana Homework Week Two (1) Give examples of psychosocial factors that affect the health care professional and the effect those factors could have on the patient education; Patient’s background. For example, that patient came from a background that does not believe on any medicines. They go to a â€Å"voodoo doctor† for some spiritual interventions and they are content on that. We will write a custom essay sample on Patient Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because they are not too well educated or maybe it is their first time being seen in a medical treatment facility. This is will leave a lot of patience on the patient care professional and have way of approach how to convince that patient to be compliant by gathering more information on why this patient don’t believe in taking medications. (2) Give examples of psychosocial factors that affect the patient and the effect those factors could have on patient education; I only have an example of psychosocial factors that affect the patient and the effect those factors on patient education are his or her previous experiences. For example, this patient had been treated horribly on his past visit for PTSD. We know this kind of problem or disorder is very important. Especially to a military that were â€Å"blown up†. This type of patients needs extra assistance and a careful note taking. Guiding him to the right person and always reinforced by a good patient education. By showing them, you care and always ready for them. This will make his previous experiences is outdated†. Because, you took the time and showing the patient by explaining the necessary things that he will be going during his next visits. (3) Explain what is meant by personality styles and give examples of approaches that could be used to help the patient. Include self-perfection as a factor; This is the patients or individual lifetime fingerprint or history. Since childbirth, every human being is already being mold in types of personality styles. One is introvert or extrovert. One is made by thinking and the other is feeling. Example a Marine that has a high pain tolerance. When he presents himself at sickbay, he seems fine and not distressed. Because through his time he learned how to block the pain and keep going. This approach will be tough at times because he tell you the only reason he came to sickbay is my boss ordered me to seek medical help. This is so common in the military not showing the true self because the failure of not an option. A good subjective note will determine on how bad his injury is. After his medical examination a good concise and list of things on how to take medication he was prescribe, a physical therapy appointments that need to be present on all his appointments. In addition, informing his superiors regarding his conditions. (4) List the steps in adjustment to illness and how the patient copes with each of the steps; Denial is one of the steps in adjustments to illness. For instance, a patient was diagnosed with lung cancer. That patient will go to all the stages first will be denial, ‘this can’t be†, next will be anger, â€Å"why this happened to me now’, bargaining is next, â€Å"I will be a good person and hope this cancer goes away†, next is depression, that patient will stop caring and last one is acceptance, he is ready and understand why it happened. This step depends on how the patient will cope on this step. He can go straight acceptance. It is very hard to understand denials. Compensatory strategies for example a patient is so good in playing sports like basketball after an uneventful tragedy the patient was injured and ended up his basketball career. Nevertheless, his passion in basketball he ended using his talent by coaching young kids to be a good player. This is how he copes by helping and sharing all his ideas and skills on how to be the best and dominant individual in the court. (5) explain the health professional’s role in teaching the patient at different life stages; The health professional’s role in teaching at different life stages is very challenging and rewarding. It should be approach on patient’s level not at health professional. Patients are not taught all the fancy medical terminologies. However, we are taught these terminologies to apply it in our notes. The patient relays to you the problem and the health professional translate to our medical notes and convey it to the medical providers. It should not matter if we are dealing with a toddler or a geriatric. Because it how the health professional handles and delivers. All stages should be treated the same. Patient education will be taught or relay to the patient in trusting and clear instructions and always have a time of asking. Either the patient ask the health professional ask first the questions or you ask the question if there is a need of clarification. This is what I have been doing when I approach a patient. I get on my knees or sit right next to them. Asking the pertinent questions and before they leave the medical facility. I proudly and confident ask if they need some assistance in getting to their car or escorting them to their love ones and If the patient is able enough I explained to the patient all the important things along with their relatives. 6) define the role of the family in patient education; The role of the family in patient education plays a major part. As we all know family support systems is either good or bad. Sometimes, a decision of a family member can result to a life-altering event towards patient’s recovery or vice versa. This also includes their beliefs if they need to continue to support what the health professional instructions or just go with belief not seek further medical treatment because it is not their belief or they are fully convinced by the health professional’s patient education. Nevertheless, if a family supports and follows the instructions from the health professional it lessens our burden or task in hand. Because we have these supporting group that is willingly to assist you especially when saw your confidence, trust and motivation. (7) How might the family influence the compliance of the patient and what measures can the health care professional use in communication with the family; The family can influence the patient compliance in many ways. The eagerness of the family in helping their sick love ones to the path of recovery. Because the family believes the health professional’s explanation was clear and open of all question and suggestion. The best measure use in the communication is one on one with the patient’s family. Explaining to them all the procedures, what to expect after the procedures, the medications that will be prescribe to the patient and how to assist the patient in day-to-day task. Following it up by appointments and reminding them a day prior of the follow up appointments. Psychosocial factors and patient education will always come in hand to hand. It is how the health professional approach a patient in different stages. â€Å"Adaptable and overcome’. This is what I was been taught and learned when I was in military for 20 years. Always on the ready to any things that comes to you. References 1) Text: Falvo, Chapters 4 – 6 2) Module Two; Lecture Two 3) Eberle, C. (n. d. ) Illness behavior in the elderly. University of Nebraska Medical Center. Retrieved July 5, 2007, from http:// webmedia. unmc. edu/intmed/geriatrics/lectures/ill_behv2_03_files/outline. htm How to cite Patient Education, Papers

Formulation and Implementation of Strategies Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Critically analyze and discuss the strategy adopted by APPLE to penetrate and survive in the highly competitive market of consumer electronics.2.Based on the B301A course Material and your understanding of Strategy, Critically discuss what Nokia could have done differently to sustain its Initial Dominance in the Technology Industry. Answers: Introduction This essay seeks to critically analyze the strategies that were applied by Apple in venturing into the consumer electronic market. The consumer electronic industry has many players and it is highly competitive. The level of competition in the industry usually discourages many new firms from entering the market. Apple however took the risk step of venturing the consumer electronic market with the launch of iPod. The decision proved to be a major success with the company selling millions of mobile handsets since starting production of mobile phones. Currently, Apple is the market leader when it comes to high end mobile phones. The company is also leading online download service provider with the iTunes brand (Armstrong, Denize Kotler, 2014). This essay analyzes critically the strategies that the company put in place in order to venture the market successfully and survive for all those years. 1.The market success of Apple in the consumer electronic industry can all be credited to strategic management by the organization. The company put in place a series of strategies that worked harmoniously to conquer the consumer electronic industry which was originally dominated by Nokia. The Apple Company used the following strategies to penetrate and succeed in the industry: The company was able to design its products in a very unique manner compared to the existing industry players. This gave the company a competitive advantage over her rivals. The consumer electronics industry had almost completely similar products before the entry of Apple into the industry (Hill Jones, 2012). Apple was focused on innovation not only on the software aspect but also on design of the hardware component. The products of Apple such as the iPod, iPhone are very identifiable due to their unique and outstanding differences with other products in the market. Apple can further differentiate its own products to make a series of products just like Samsung does with its Galaxy brand. This would help the company to raise additional revenue. Another strategy that was used by Apple in the consumer electronics market is the emphasis on innovation and technology improvement. The company has been developing its own unique technology in both hardware and software portfolio. The fact that Apple has invested in innovation has helped the company to pull many first`s on competitors. This has helped to put the company ahead since it patents all its technological innovations and keeps many of them a secret. An example Is the operating system of the company`s mobile phone brand, iPhone which is only used by the company. The focus on innovation by the company has helped the company to become a preferred brand by the company due to high level and ease of use. The idea of the revolutionary iPod music became very popular very in the music industry with the company managing to sign major contracts with major production studios in the world (Segal-horn Faulkner, 2008). This innovation generated a lot of revenue to the company as it contri buted to more than half of the companies` turnover. The company has a very strategic research and development department and it invests very little in research and development compared to its competitors. Apple spends about 3.9% of its total revenue on RD because, the former founder and CEO Steve Jobs believed a company does not have to put loads of money on RD In order be innovative. He believed that a company needs to have deep knowledge and understanding of its workforce and deploy them appropriately in order to get the best out of them. Over the years since the formation of Apple, the company has portrayed itself as a market leader in terms of quality. The unique nature of its products and positioning of the company has helped Apple to be able to be recognized as the premium Pc manufacturer in the world and therefore, it has been able to sell their products at very high price. The company has been using the high price, high quality philosophy. When the company entered the consumer electronic industry, it was able to enter and maintain the reputation of producing products of optimum quality and this competitive strategy has endeared the company to, many customers with high income levels. This has helped the company to create unrivaled brand image in the industry and this has helped the company to continue its growth in the consumer electronic industry. This is very unique since many other competitors in this industry are struggling to minimize costs so as to attract more consumers.(Thompson Martin,2010) Apple on the other hand is banking on perceived quality of its products to drive its sales as well as to determine how high the price of the product will be . Therefore Apple has positioned itself as the quality leader in the market and it has become very difficult for any company to dislodge her from this position. The strategy of unique product features and performance has been very crucial to the success of Apple in the industry. Apart from uniqueness in hardware design, the software components of the company`s products are also very unique and this has provided the company with a competitive advantage which It has explored. An example is the iPod mobile which users could use to download music from iTunes (Thompson Martin, 2010). The Mac computers also use a unique operating system OS X which is used by Apple only. The provision of such unique solutions to problems facing consumers leads to consumer loyalty. Apple has also widely used the diversification market strategy to keep itself in the consumer electronic industry. The company has diversified into various lines of related businesses with its major diversification being the iTunes business. The sale of music online through the iTunes platform has become a very successful diversification move. The opening of Apple TV was also a diversification move which is also successful. The fact that the company is in personal computer industry and the consumer electronic industry provides the company with a competitive advantage because it is able to spread risk as well as increase its income streams. 2.The Nokia mobile brand was very popular in the market and it had solid market leadership position. However, the companys fortunes started dwindling in mid 2000s. The company failed terribly in its strategy and that why the company lost its market share position and eventually fell into financial difficulties. Nokia should have done the following things differently to avoid the occurrence of the situation. One of the main failures of Nokia is its conservative nature. The company did not cultivate the culture of innovation and creativity among its employees and this made the company to be left behind in terms of technology. The fast rate of technological development since the turn of the century has rendered many production technologies obsolete within a very short period of time. Nokia did not match the fast rate at which technology was advancing and this resulted to other companies overtaking it. Companies like Samsung, Apple and Microsoft invested heavily in technology and within no time, these companies had developed far superior products than Nokia (Gbadamosi, 2013). The company should have invested in research and development realizing that technology changes within a short period of time. Investing in research on technology for a consumer electronic industry is very crucial since consumers buy products purely based on the technology and quality. Nokia should have also differentiated its products. The strategy of product differentiation is very common and effective in this industry. At the time of its market dominance, Nokia used to have only few brands of products which were not differentiated at all (Mellahi, Frynas Finley, 2010). The company`s over-reliance on one product resulted to failure of the company. Therefore Nokia should have differentiated its mobile handsets based on its features, hardware design and performance. This strategy has worked wonderfully with a company such as Samsung and Apple. Product differentiation would have helped Nokia to increase its revenue by offering consumer wide variety of products. The strategy of diversification would have helped to prevent the decline of Nokia. During its glory days, Nokia concentrated entirely on the manufacturing and design of mobile phones. This means that the risk of the business was concentrated in one business segment and this increases the risk of failure (Kachru, 2015). Nokia should have invested in related technologies which would have helped the company to become more stable. Such diversification would include investing in manufacturing of home electronic equipment such as TV sets and public address systems. Another strategy that Nokia should have used is that of establishing their market position as the cost leader. Since at the time the company was the market leader in mobile technology, it means that it made a lot of sales and therefore enjoyed economies of large scale production. The company could use this as a competitive advantage against its competitors to help it maintain its market share. However, Nokia failed to exploit the competitive advantage and it eventually lost the cost advantage it had. Conclusion Formulation and implementation of strategies is one of the most important key success factors for any organization. It is therefore very important for an organization to examine its core competences and design strategies that favor the organization. The consumer electronics industry has been very competitive over the years and therefore it is very important for organization to heavily invest in technology in order to have a competitive edge over its rivals. Strategies keep changing every day depending on the trends in the industry and the activities of the rivals. Therefore, a company which fails to stay on progress will get eliminated out of the market References Kachru, u. (2015). Strategic management: Concepts and cases. New delhi, excel books. Thompson, j. L., martin, f. (2010). Strategic management. Andover, cengage learning. Sekhar, g. V. S. (n.d.). Business policy and strategic management. [s.l.], i k international publi. Hill, c. W. L., jones, g. R. (2012). Essentials of strategic management. Australia, south-western/cengage learning. Mellahi, k., frynas, j. G., finlay, p. N. (2010). Global strategic management. Oxford, oxford university press. Armstrong, g., adam, s., denize, s., kotler, p. (2014). Principles of marketing vs. Sydney, pearson education australia. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?P=4741493. Gbadamosi, a. (2013). Principles of marketing. Palgrave macmillan. https://www.myilibrary.com?Id=977151. Segal-horn, s., faulkner, d. (2008). International strategy. London, thomson learning.

Man to Send Rain Clouds Essay Essay Example

Man to Send Rain Clouds Essay Paper Culture instills a important function in household life. Family traditions are frequently passed down from one coevals to the following. and normally produce added complexness from outside influence over clip. The original individuality of the belief continues to be evident. although more thoughts have been added to the basic cultural belief. In Leslie Silko’s short narrative. â€Å"The Man to direct Rain Clouds† . this quandary arises. Although a changeless influence of Catholic beliefs are evident in the Pueblo people’s society. Leon and his household still expose their Native American individuality through their actions present throughout the narrative. Silko explains that her people â€Å"were good informed about [ civilization ] . † and that â€Å"old traditions were deceasing out† ( Silko. â€Å"Language† 772 ) . The local Catholic Church’s curate. Father Paul. efforts to integrate the Church’s instruction into the Laguna’s manner of life. He shows great concern for Leon and his household â€Å"miss [ ing ] [ Mass ] last Sunday. † ( Silko. â€Å"Man† 50 ) . and requests the household to go to the undermentioned weekend. Father Paul successfully influences Leon’s sister. Louise. When she finds out about her grandfather’s decease. she suggests integrating the rite of pouring holy H2O on his gravesite â€Å"so he won’t be thirsty† ( Silko. â€Å"Man† 50 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Man to Send Rain Clouds Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Man to Send Rain Clouds Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Man to Send Rain Clouds Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although Catholic intervention attempts to act upon the Native Pueblo civilization. Leon invariably attempts to retain his Native individuality. When Leon and Ken discover their Grandfather dead in the arroyo. they instantly perform the Native Pueblo imposts. The imposts included the picture of their grandfather’s face. binding a plume to his hair. wrapping him in a ruddy cover. and fliping Indian meal into the air current. By executing these rites. they â€Å" [ maintain ] the household †¦ and kin together† ( Silko. â€Å"Language† 766 ) . demoing the great importance they hold upon their cultural beliefs. When reassigning grandfather Teofilo back into town. Leon and Ken deceptively tell Father Paul that â€Å" [ Teofilo ] won’t [ be crowding sheep ] any more now. † ( Silko. â€Å"Man† 50 ) . in an effort to conceal their grandfather’s decease to get away the Catholic rites being forced upon him. Even though Leon efforts to maintain his Native individuality. he finally acclimates to his Catholic milieus. He asks Father Paul to integrate the holy H2O rite in concurrence with the Native American entombment. Leon exclaims that he â€Å"is happy [ about ] the scattering of the holy H2O. † because now his gramps could â€Å"send them large cumulonimbus. † ( Silko. â€Å"Man† 52 ) . merely as he has wished earlier in the narrative. During the procedure of the Catholic rite. even Father Paul â€Å"is reminded of something. † ( Silko. â€Å"Man† 52 ) . in respects to a connexion between the two civilizations beliefs. The pouring of the holy H2O displays a metaphor. The metaphor demonstrates. that if one finds similarities between different civilizations. the ability to accept the thought into your ain manner of thought. becomes much easier. When civilizations collide. their beliefs hold a inclination to act upon one another. However. the original beliefs and values must be kept noticeable. or else the beginnings of the civilization may decease out. Silko’s account â€Å" [ Cultures ] . convey us together. despite great distances between [ them ] . † ( Silko. â€Å"Language† 772 ) . shows that the different beliefs people withhold brings us together. Although the Church efforts to act upon Leon’s household. and Leon attempts to maintain the individuality of his beliefs. they finally concede to organize what may be known as a new signifier of Laguna civilization.

IMPACT OF CULTURAL ON INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Essays

IMPACT OF CULTURAL ON INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Essays IMPACT OF CULTURAL ON INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Essay IMPACT OF CULTURAL ON INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Essay Impact of Cultural on International Business Name: Institution: Course: Tutor: Date: Impact of Cultural on International Business The saying that â€Å"one man’s meat is another man’s poison† is true and applicable in many areas and fields. The business sector is not an exception. This is mainly applicable when it comes to dealing in cultural matters. Doing business outside a country that is of a different culture other than yours can be quite a daunting task. Lack of knowledge of that particular country’s culture can lead to disaster if not failure in making a deal more often than not. Countries in the Asian continent have very different cultures than countries in America especially the U.S. It is important for one to know the culture of the people one is going to do business with. One might end up doing more harm than good. The â€Å"A-Okay† sign in the U.S., for instance, is a very offensive gesture in Brazil. It is the equivalent of the middle finger sign. Most business people do this sign with the aim of showing the other party that everything is okay but end up loosing a business deal as a Brazilian may see it as offensive: a sign of disrespect and humiliation. In the countries that practice the Muslim religion, showing the sole of the foot is seen as dirty and very disrespectful. It would not be very advisable to cross ones feet or one foot on top of the knee (casual sitting), as the Americans do, when trying to strike a deal with a Muslim in the Muslim countries. Shaking of the head does not necessarily mean â€Å"no† in Bulgaria. People shake their heads in order to show that they are listening. Most Americans and other people not familiar with this sign take it as though the Bulgarians are negative towards them. Alcohol plays a very big role in business dealings in some countries. This is contrary to the American way of doing business. In most Asian countries, liquor or beer may be shared in many business social events at any time of the day. Apricot brandy is served even in the morning in a country like Hungary. Refusing such an offer is seen as if one is being rude or cannot be trusted, unless one has a very good excuse. In other cases, punctuality is not as important in some countries as it is in others. For example, people in Sweden and Germany are strict timekeepers as compared to those in Spain, Costa Rica and Italy who are more flexible. Giving a gift to a Japanese businessperson, especially when wrapped with gold or red, can lead one into getting a good business deal. It is considered a good gesture; however, the gift should not be opened in front of the giver. It is considered disrespectful. When it comes to decision-making, people in a country such as Germany value decisions made b y panels while on the other hand, Americans advocate individual decision-making. The Ann Arbor, Mich., Company had its share of problems when it went international. When the company took its operations to Japan, it had to alter the way it delivered the pizzas from what it was used to in the U.S. Addresses there are determined by a building’s age rather than a particular sequence. The company’s business in Aruba also had to adjust to a number of differences. Motorcycles could no longer be used due to the strong island winds. Trucks had to be purchased in order to solve the problem. The situation in Philippine was not any better. The location of stores was carried out using feng shui, an art from China that positions buildings in accordance to a spiritual flow. The stores had to be kept open for more hours than in other areas as people stayed up more hours. In Italy, the people complained of the way the pizzas were made. The sauce was too bold and there were heavy toppings. Unfortunately, the pizza delivery company closed down and left the country. All these are cultural challenges that can be overcome if a company does thorough research before moving its business to the appointed location. For example, the company should have enquired about the environmental condition of Aruba before moving there. This could have saved the company the extra expensive of buying the motorcycles then buying the trucks. The inconveniences experienced in that situation would have been absent. It would also be advisable to have collaboration or an alliance with one or two business people who know the cultures of the appointed location and the origin of the mother company. In this way, these people will advice accordingly. For example, the company could have gotten Japanese people who know about the address system of the U.S and of Japan. In this way, the address situation could have been solved earlier. If a solution had not been found, then the business would not have been set at all in that part of the world. This applies to the situation in Phili ppine as well. The business in Italy had to adjust its way of preparing pizzas to the Italian style. It was necessary to close the business down. Conclusion As Ace, a company that went international even to Shanghai, China did, it is important to adjust to the cultures and business conditions of the country in which one is establishing a business. If it means including a native of China on the team establishing the business in order to get more knowledge and more access to the people in China for instance, then companies should do so. Doing the American way of doing business when trying to establish a business in Spain may not be advisable, if it is at the expense of the business itself. It is important for businesspersons to know the cultures of the countries or places where they are willing to establish a business. It would make business deals and transactions much easier. References Carlo, A. M. (Oct. 2006). Overseas Adjustment: Shanghai DC Lifts Ace’s Prospects. Home Channel News. New York, Volume 32, Issue 13: 26-28 Gibson, R. (Sep. 25, 2006). Small Business. Wall Street Journal, Page R. 8 Wade, J., (2004). The Pitfalls of Cross-Cultural Business. Risk Management, 51(3): 38-42.

College SAT Requirements How to Find What SAT Score You Need

College SAT Requirements How to Find What SAT Score You Need SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Maybe you already know your top college choice. Now you want to know what SAT score you need to get into your dream school. Unfortunately, there’s no simple answer. Generally, there is no SAT score requirement that guarantees you admission, especially for the most selective colleges. Conversely, there usually isn’t an SAT score that will automatically disqualify you from admission because schools use holistic admissions. Your application will be evaluated on your GPA, extracurricular activities, recommendations, personal essay, and SAT score. However, your SAT score will significantly increase or decrease your likelihood of admission, and you can use available statistics to determine the SAT score you need to improve your chances of being able to attend a certain college. Colleges generally say that they don't have SAT requirements, but if you get an 800 and want to go to Harvard, statistically, you have nearly a 0% chance of gaining admission. In this article, I will discuss SAT score requirements and how your SAT score impacts the college admissions process. Will Your SAT Score Guarantee Your College Admission? Alone, your SAT score can't guarantee your college acceptance. At the most selective schools, even students with perfect SAT scores are routinely rejected. Remember that your SAT score is only one component of your application, albeit a very important one. An article from a 2013 edition of Stanford Magazine stated that 69% of Stanford applicants from the previous 5 years with perfect 2400 SAT scores (on the old test) were denied admission. And, since then, the overall acceptance rate to Stanford has dropped even lower. While your SAT score alone can't guarantee your admission to a specific college, there are colleges where your SAT score combined with your GPA can guarantee admission. For California students, at the University of California, if your grades and standardized test scores combined are in the top 9% of California high school graduates and you're not accepted to any of the UC campuses you apply to, you'll be offered a spot at another campus if space is available. Additionally, other states have guaranteed admission at some or all of their public universities if you obtain a certain GPA and SAT score. Some of the states that offer guaranteed admission include Iowa, Nevada, Texas, and Missouri. You should check the admissions requirements on a college's website to see if there is a similar program and to find out the GPA and SAT score requirements for automatic admission. What Score Do You Need to Increase Your Chances of Admission? The SAT score required to improve your odds of gaining admission to a school varies depending on the school. Generally, you should aim for at least the 75th percentile SAT score of that college for your score to positively influence your application. Most schools publish their 25th and 75th percentile scores. The logic behind this strategy is that if your SAT score is well above the score of the majority of students at the school, then your SAT score will undoubtedly help you when your application is evaluated. Remember that if you score above the 75th percentile for a school, then you've scored higher than at least 75% of the students who go there. Your scores will compare favorably to those of current students and that will significantly improve your chances of getting in. Even during the years when Stanford rejected 69% of applicants with perfect SAT scores, the 31% acceptance rate for students with perfect SAT scores was much, much higher than the overall acceptance rate. During that time, the acceptance rate was 6%-8%. Students who got perfect SAT scores gave themselves a dramatically better chance of being accepted than if they had gotten an average score for a Stanford applicant. If your SAT score is closer to the 25th percentile, then another component of your application should be outstanding to have a realistic shot at admission. If your score is significantly lower than the 25th percentile, your odds of getting in are very slim. How to Find a School's 25th/75th Percentile SAT Scores To find a school's 25th and 75th percentile SAT scores, you can use the PrepScholar database. We've done the work for you. On your favorite search engine, you can plug in "(school name) SAT requirements prepscholar" and you'll get the answers you're looking for. For example, if you're searching for UCLA, just Google "UCLA SAT requirements prepscholar." Here is all the information for Stanford University. For another example, here is all the information for the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Also, you should find out a school's policy regarding score choice and superscoring. PrepScholar college profiles provide that info to you as well. How to Determine Your SAT Target Score When preparing for your SAT, you should have a target score in mind. Your target score can influence your studying, test-taking strategies, and motivate you to keep improving your SAT skills. Here's how to determine your SAT target score. Make a list of the schools you're interested in applying to. The average of their 75th percentile SAT scores will be your target score. To determine your section target scores, divide your SAT target score by 2. If you're applying to an engineering or science program, your math score can be slightly higher. Similarly, if you're applying to a humanities program, your reading and writing score can be slightly higher. For more specific information about SAT target scores, check out the post on what's a good SAT score. Will Getting a Low SAT Score Prevent You From Going to College? Getting a low SAT score may prevent you from getting into the college of your dreams, but it shouldn't stop you from going to college. There are a number of schools that don't require SAT scores at all. Also, most community colleges don't require SAT scores. You always have the option of going to a 2-year college and transferring to a 4-year university. Keep in mind that if you do poorly on your SAT, high grades in college prep classes can compensate for low test scores. How well you do in four years of high school is more important to colleges than how well you do on one standardized test. However, if you want to compete in NCAA sports, there are minimum SAT and ACT scores you need to be eligible to compete. It's still possible to get into college if you have low SAT scores. There may not be strict SAT requirements for specific colleges or college in general, but doing well on your SAT should give you more college options and increase your likelihood that you'll be admitted to the colleges you want to attend. What's Next? For those of you still hoping to reach your SAT target score, read these articles on how to improve your SAT score and how to get a perfect SAT score. Also, learn how to build the most versatile college application. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Justin Berkman About the Author Justin has extensive experience teaching SAT prep and guiding high school students through the college admissions and selection process. He is firmly committed to improving equity in education and helping students to reach their educational goals. Justin received an athletic scholarship for gymnastics at Stanford University and graduated with a BA in American Studies. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Major league baseball Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Major league baseball - Essay Example The pitcher throws a fastball, a curveball, or a knuckleball (and other popular terms for how the ball is thrown) towards the offensive team’s batter at the home plate from the raised pitchers mound, at a distance of 60.5 ft (18.4 m). The batter then tries to hit the ball as far as he could, that is, within the foul lines, in order to run to as many bases as possible, scoring upon hitting the home plate. A home run is when a batter hits over the outfield and the ball goes generally into the area of the audience and the batter and all other offensive players on base are able to run to the home plate and score. Of course, the team with the most scores after the ninth inning wins. But, if there is a tie after the ninth inning, â€Å"play continues into extra innings until one team has scored more runs than the other in an equal number of turns at bat.† As the popularity of baseball heightened, there came a need for a governing body to impose standardized rules and facilitate scheduling (The Columbia Encyclopedia 4428). Thus, the National Association was formed 1871 and is considered to be the first major league (Rubinstein 20). The two major leagues that are recognized today as Major League Baseball (MBL), the National League and the American League, were founded in 1876 and 1901, respectively (Rubinstein 20). The MBL, a collaboration that was agreed upon in 1920, governs the American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, and the leagues which are members of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (SportsKnowHow.com and â€Å"Foreword† 2). At present, MBL is composed of â€Å"2 leagues, 30 teams, and over 750 active players† (SportsKnowHow.com). This paper and presentation will discuss only some of the basic and most noteworthy rules and regulatio ns of the MBL as the Major League Agreement, Major League Rules and other league constitutions, which compose the official documents of

Pharmacology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Pharmacology - Essay Example reaches the targeted site, while the remaining fraction of the drug interacts with other sites, with consequences of inefficient drug delivery and undesirable side effects. Insufficient aqueous solubility and protein binding characteristics of that inhibit crossing blood brain barriers are two examples of the manner in which the relevance of some drugs in clinical therapeutics gets limited. It is against this background that pro-drugs and their utility in overcoming the limitations of bioavailability and pharmacokinetics profiles has become a significant subject of study in pharmacology (Shek, 1994). A look at the history of pro-drugs shows that understanding of pro-drugs and their pharmaco-kinetics in the human body came more as a result of after the introduction of the drugs for therapeutic purposes. The introduction of phenacetin as a therapeutic agent dates back to 1887, but it took till 1949 for the realization that paracetamol was the active metabolite of phenacetin, which resulted in the gradual erosion of phenacetin as a therapeutic agent to be replaced by paracetamol, demonstrating that many of the pro-drugs result from metabolism in the human body. (Pleuvry, 2006). This understanding of the possibility of enzymatic action to create active therapeutic agents has now become the basis of overcoming the problems of potential drug candidates demonstrating poor therapeutic effects, because of poor bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles. Kratz et al, 2008, define pro-drugs as â€Å"derivatives of a drug that are metabolized or activated in the body to release or generate the active drug – if possible at the site of action†. Thus pro-drugs are chemically modified versions of the pharmaceutical agent that needs to undergo a transformation in vivo for the release of the active drug. This feature of pro-drugs is employed to enhance the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of pharmacologically potent compounds. In a majority of the cases

Aim of My Life Essay Example for Free

Aim of My Life Essay There is a saying, â€Å"Those who aim high, reach high†. It is indeed true. Without a clear-cut aim in life, life just drifts. It just floats-aimless, rudderless and not knowing where one is heading to. If we look into the lives of great men and women of our times, we see that they had clear- cut aims and well demarcated goals in life. Having clear-cut goals in life is the first step to success, because â€Å"Where there is a will, there is a way†. I have always been very passionate about flying air- crafts. As far as I can remember. I have always wanted to be a pilot. Perhaps, this desire to become a pilot originated in me due to the fact that my uncle is an air- force pilot. His life, the adventure stories he used to tell me, the respect and fame he received, etc. , have all inspired me to follow his foot-steps. But it is not easy to become a pilot, especially an air- force pilot. And I am very much aware of this fact. This job requires a great deal of intelligence and proper education and training. A number of years have to be spent studying aeronautics and other related subjects and gaining proper training. Certain physical fitness is also required. Moreover, risks are the part and parcel of the life of an air force pilot. One must be ready to face any adverse situations, as accidents injuries and even sudden death. This job calls for a great deal of personal discipline, courage and determination. It is one of the toughest professions in the world. Yet I am determined to become one. At present I am putting my very best in my studies. I have joined the N. C. C. to make myself fit and to achieve certain amount of discipline and physical fitness. After my matriculation examination, I intend to study my pre-university course in a renowned college in New Delhi. I would be staying with my uncle in New Delhi so that I could get acquainted with the air force way of life. Another purpose of shifting myself to New Delhi, is to enable me to attend some professional coaching classes for National Defence Selection Test. It is one of the toughest examinations currently held in India. I believe that two years of intense preparation would enable me to get through this test. Once the person passes this test, he is called for an interview. Interview is also equally an important step in the selection process. A good deal of preparation has to go in, before the interview. After the interview is over, there is the physical test which would not be a major problem for me, as I have all the necessary physical standards at present, in respect to my present age. Once a person gets through this stage, he is sent for training as a pilot for two or three years. Training is extremely difficult and â€Å"competence† is the key word in this process. Even at this stage there is certain amount of selection. Only the really fit and competent individuals are sent for higher and more intense training as fighter pilots. Only after several years of intense training, that they are declared to be fighter pilots. Perhaps no other job requires so much of training and updating as the job of a pilot. I do know that everyone who aims does not reach the goal they aim at. Many fail on the way. Some drop out in between. Some get stuck down by bad luck and ill health. As for me, I am doing all I can to reach my goal. Only time will tell, whether I will finally reach my intended goal. I hope that luck and favour will not desert me on the way.

Netscape Analysis Report Essay -- essays research papers

Netscape Analysis Report I. History Netscape Communications Corporation, originally named Mosaic Communications Corporation (MCOM) was founded in April 1994 by Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen. They released their first browser products free to Internet users in September 1994. Jim Clark is chairman of Netscape Communications Corporation. Before founding the company, Clark was the chairman of Silicon Graphics, a computer hardware manufacturer he founded in 1982. Marc Andreessen is vice president of technology for Netscape Communications. He helped develop the original graphical World Wide Web browser, Mosaic, while he was at the University Of Illinois at Urbana/Champlain. The Internet is a global network connecting thousands of networks by use of high speed digital lines called ATMs, T3s and T1s. It was just being introduced to the general public at the time of Netscape's conception and they would NOT have been successful if they had not had this timing advantage. II. Location Netscape's corporate headquarters are in Mountain View, California -- in the heart of the Silicon Valley. However, due to the nature of the global networks its software transmits over, Netscape is able to sell worldwide via the Internet. There are virtually no walls to its "retail outlets." Its software products are also distributed through computer stores worldwide. III. Product Line Netscape Navigator is a software program to browse information available on the Internet. It is available for all common computer system platforms, including 16-bit PC, 32-bit PC, Macintosh, and all UNIX systems. Navigator also allows people to check their e-mail on the Internet through use of a password (MIME) encoding scheme. Netscape Server is a piece of software that installs on UNIX and Windows NT based systems that allows serving of data on the Internet's World Wide Web. It also provides for secure transactions such as those involving credit cards. IV. Corporate Structure The founders, Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen, own 35% of the company. There are other major shareholders, and it is also publicly held. The board of directors and other executive management are listed in the following table: James H. Clark- Chairman of the Board James L. Barksdale- President, Chief Executive Officer and Director Marc L. Andreessen- Vice ... ...quarter of 1995, Netscape showed a profit. VIII. Graph Please see attached sheet IX. Other Information A. Netscape is involved in a project to put all of California's public schools on the Internet. (Star Ledger, "Net Day ‘96") B. America Online entered into a partnership with Netscape to have Netscape's browser software available to AOL users. (3/12/96, DJIN) C. CompuServe entered into a licensing agreement with Netscape to let CompuServe's users use Netscape as their primary browser software. (3/11/96, DJIN) X. Conclusion I would suggest this stock as a good investment in the Stock Market Game because its price fluctuates enough to earn a decent profit from trading it. I would not, however, suggest Netscape as a good investment in real life until its price becomes lower, because it seems to be on a downward trend. (Although Netscape is a good long-term investment as well, because of its potential and the demand for the Internet) Works Consulted Netscape 10Q Quarterly Report (4th quarter 1995) Netscape 1995 Annual Report Netscape Prospectus for Public Offering Of Stock Star Ledger, "Net Day ‘96", ? Dow Jones News Retrieval Service, (3/11/96, 3/12/96)

Media Violence Essay

Introduction   Ã‚   A number of psychological problems are surfacing these days, especially concerning the younger generation. The open viewer ship of television, movies & playing video games instill young children with the aggression & violent energy of the show. It has been deduced through extensive research that children who view more media violence are more verbally & physically aggressive becoming more anti social as the years pass. â€Å"Media violence exposure is described as a risk factor for aggressive beliefs and behaviors, and it is argued that media violence exposure in combination with other risk factors for aggression (e.g., hostile attribution bias, sex, prior aggression) can produce an effect greater than any single risk factor alone.† (For further review Gentile et al 2004)   Ã‚   Psychologists have been conducting researches to learn more about the physical & mental effects of violence through media. The intense & antagonistic music, lyrics & videos affect the viewers most negatively regardless of their age. Even the cartoons which are meant purely for children’s viewing have turned aggressive & boisterous. In classrooms students are getting into fights with co- students & forming cliques comprising of most popular & un- popular students all derived from the latest TV series. This impact is seen in girls more than in boys; however the boys are more into the aggressive attitudes physically. The matters to be discussed are: How the media affects the minds of young children? What steps are being taken by the parents to control these consequences? What measures are the media related people taking so as to broadcast less violence in TV shows? The government & officials dealings to solve this problem? The problems occurring due to this social learning; a process where an individual learns by watching & imitating others instead of ones own experiences, by exposure to TV violence in the early years are numerous. Some main points to be highlighted are: Diminishing of the involuntary concern for another’s suffering. Losing the sensitivity towards violence & aggression by becoming habitual. Imitating the violent acts as seen in the movie. Exhibiting a hostile attitude towards others. Prevalence of risk factor:   Ã‚   Due to the availability of many media options like cable television, DVDs, & the ever progressing video games. Unlimited time is being spent in watching cartoon & animated movies, which are becoming more sadistic as the technology advances; generating a number of behavioral, social & emotional problems. At times the media simply provide a boom to an already disturbed child under stress due to family or school troubles. Often it causes severe psychotic disorders & pervasive developmental disorders with a very low frequency which makes it difficult to identify the main causes. (Merrell K. 1999) Description of risk factor at different ages:   Ã‚   The risk factors in media violence are many & observed differently at each age level & also gender wise.   A research   concluded at 99% of American families have televisions at home, 87% a VCR,   54% children have televisions & video games in their own bedrooms. Average time an American child spends per day, in viewing different types of media is 6 hours & 43 minutes; of which 90 minutes each day is spent in playing video games. This deduces that they consume double the amount of time in watching TV & playing video games then they spend at school annually. Children are mostly fascinated by the fantasies & stories hence fantasy based games are the most popular among kids. The total estimation of the profit earned by the video games industry is a whopping $ 10 billion dollars a year, even crossing the gross of the ever popular motion pictures.    It has not yet been deduced how the media violence effects infants but it may cause them to imitate behaviors in a minimal manner, from what they grasp. Usually the viewer ship becomes stronger when they reach the age of two & a half or above. That’s the time when they develop the ability to grasp the right meaning of what they view on television & then incorporate it in their actions.    The children of age group 6 – 8 are most likely to be fascinated by what they view on media. They do not have the experience & maturity to characterize between the real life & fantasy hence; they feel infatuated by the fictional characters & try to imitate their actions verbally & physically. Many children, when asked what they want to be when they grow up, answer mostly the names of superheroes they watch & admire on TV like superman or batman.   Ã‚  When the movie superman was released many children tried to copy the flying act by tying a cape around their neck & jumping from a higher place. This ended up in a number of casualties & therefore frustration on not being able to carry out the task, which the superman so flawlessly renders. This is not an only example; the horror movies children view also create negative effects in the young minds. When the movie Childs play was released, a huge number of children threw away their dolls & had countless nightmares by imagining the face of chucky the evil doll & feeling scared.    The young age is open to magical ideas & fantasies. They consider the on-screen violence as reality, this though process gradually develops as the child ages & the difference between reality & fantasy diminishes. The TV is taking over the family moments. This development is progressing with great pace which is an extremely serious issue & needs to be tackled & controlled by the parents & with the collaboration of the media related people.   Ã‚   The media viewing habits that the children develop at an early stage influence their life throughout the ages. The inspiration they take from the fast paced & colorful cartoons & movies will embark a feeling of aggression at a premature level. The exploring property of young minds fosters them to learn the violent actions of the characters & emulate them themselves. This characteristic is further highlighted by the intense sounds & music supporting the movie. Theory    The reality & enjoyment level of the violence creates de-sensitization. It is a feeling when the individual, loses the feeling of compassion or sensitivity & becomes oblivious to the violence being broadcasted in front of him. This process is cemented by the high levels of graphics being used in video games & movies these days. The points or rewards on killing, blood showing & body mutilation in video games are considered as normal undertakings.    Depression is considered to be the major psychiatric disease of the 20th century. (M. Abdel et al, 2006) This problem is becoming common in young children as well, mostly appearing during the teenage years, it intervenes with a child’s psychological, social & academic functioning evoking a suicidal behavior. The signs are often showcased by a child exhibit frustration & low tolerance. Various factors are materializing due to the media violence exposure in children: Epidemiologists who have been studying the factors of violence & other common social issues discovered that exposure to violent media played a vital part in 10,000 homicides committed in the United States of America last year (E. Cook, 2000) Individuals preferring heavy metal music are more subjective to psychological disarray, substance exploitation, & suicidal risk in the extreme stage during adolescence. The effects of interactive media like internet & video games are more enduring & persuasive on violent behavior than passive media like television as they have increased levels of aggression & hostility having a tendency to make the individual insensitive to violence. An inclination towards using drugs & indulging in unsafe sex, contributing to the widely spreading diseases like HIV aids, cancer of different types. Specific effects on children/adolescents     Ã‚  Ã‚  The students of middle school or high school, around the age of 12 to 17 are very much capable of theoretical thinking & elucidation. However, when exposed to the world of media they do not utilize these mental abilities, making them as prone to media violence effects as younger children. By this age they get much independence by the parents, thus making them highly vulnerable to in appropriate media. This is more compelling for boys than in girls; however, girls too are being captivated into the same habits nowadays. They indulge in viewing media dealing issues in negative ways including loud music videos, horror & often pornographic content.    A research conducted by the of Washington epidemiologist Brandon Centerwall, evaluated that among one- quarter & one- third convicted young male criminals had consciously imitated the violent techniques they had seen on television.(Tepperman)   Ã‚  Ã‚   Some percentage of youngsters both male & females who associate the media content with real life are more prone to becoming aggressive later in life, however they are less prone to identify with television characters & doubt the reality of media at this age as compared to younger children. Whereas younger children, are much enthralled & captivated by the aggressive heroes depicted in the media. Excessive exposure to strong media generates some particular effects on children like: The violent behavior might perceive them into becoming attackers. It may induce fear in the individual hence creating a victimized effect. The excessive viewing of violent content may make them insensitive & ruthless to the belligerence happening around them in media or in real life. It can make them ambitious for yet more aggression & violence by creating an effect of negative desire.    The children studying at elementary school level are very keen in recognizing patterns of the actions depicted in media especially cartoons which appeal to them the most. Their cognitive abilities make it a grave period to make conjectures about the vociferous content & recognize motivations of the characters.    The society should show some concern to the risks encompassed & being spread through media. The fact that a young mind learns & develops aggressive behavior & later becomes desensitized to it; has been proven by a number of scientific researches. The violence itself is not the attraction for younger children, the graphic content & dramatic production features set up the hype. As young as preschool students view cartoons like Pokemon which has been banned earlier in many countries due to its violent theme.   Ã‚   The children not just enjoy the cartoons; they buy the merchandise & games of their favorite show as well. Another factor that appears here is when the families who cannot afford such extravagance fail to comply with the Childs demands; it creates a sense of severance in him or her. This might induce him to steal or get into fights so as to hide this feeling. It has been noted by parents & teachers alike, that when preschooler watch any stimulating action oriented content, they become more aggressive in their play. The teenagers have a predisposition to confront conventional authority making them vulnerable to interpret some television violence & especially exposà © of suicide & murders. Research findings   Ã‚   If we observe the viewer ship of programs like MTV & WWE containing explicit matter, it is clear that children most exposed to these programs are verbally & physically more aggressive & anti social. Children viewing WWE are physically more violent & get into more fights at school. Both the viewers showed decline in school grades. Girls surprisingly have a higher tendency than boys to get into fights. The steps that appear in children exposed to violence on media making them most likely to imitate it are: Identification with the hero & the program itself. Fantasizing about the program & creating one’s own stories on its bases. The aptitude to commit the act. Vulnerability and protective factor    The expansion of children’s media started in the early 1940s & up till now comprises of television, video tapes, DVDs, electronic games, interactive soft wares. The visual media has flourished more as compared to the print media like comic & story books. The 1990s saw a transformation of media into a more violent & physically aggressive medium. The rating system that they used to label the content has not been implemented properly thus provoke the risk of violence in young children, often traumatizing them & affecting their judgmental qualities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  The media portrays unrealistic concepts regarding beauty & physical appearances as sales tactics. This is perceived by the young minds in a negative way propelling them to opt for unhealthy diets & suffer body disorders & psychological effects when they are unable to attain that look. Minimum 20 hours per week are spent in television viewing by an average American child not counting the time spent on movies, music, video games & Internet. This association with media is promoting inactivity the children. Less time is spent on studies & social life. The parents use the TV as a way to get the children out of the way. Especially mothers so they can complete housework with ease.    The use of tobacco, alcohol & illicit drugs is represented as high glamour in the media. The characters of the movies or TV shows often shown indulging in them. (Clark, 2007) $6 billion & $2 billion dollars are spent annually by the tobacco & alcohol manufactures respectively in advertising their product. Educational messages are also broadcasted but on a much smaller scale.   Ã‚   Repeated viewing of the harmful content has been noted to lower emotional response to violence & increase hostility in individuals. Studies have documented that desensitization results in reduced arousal and emotional disturbance while witnessing violence.   Ã‚   A survey conducted in Ohio, in 1998 of more than 2000 3-8 grade students showed that as the viewer ship increased the psychological effects like anxiety, depression & posttraumatic stress increased as well. (Cantor, 2002) A normal American child witness more than 8000 murders on media by the time he’s 11, 75% of these show the murderer performing the act without any regret making the children either insensitive or fearful of the society’s negative acts. (Gentile et all, 2004)   A national survey in 1999 revealed that 62% parents of children ages ranging from 2-17 confessed their child being frightened by something they saw on TV. Strengths and limitations Surveys were conducted, strength is that research will have positive implications if steps taken to avoid exposure of media on young children. Our research limitation is that we have to rely on questionnaires for this study. Though every person who takes the survey we take consent to be truthful and honest, but still some people might not be serious in answering the questions.   Ã‚   The research we conducted brought out many views & issues concerning the media’s violent nature by parents & psychological experts. Many a times the results deduced by a survey are not 100% accurate due to the answers not being stated with honesty. Often parents hide their children’s problems so as to cast a positive & likeable image in front of others. Thus, giving false information & diluting the research. Further investigation should be planned & executed to fully extract the true happenings. This can help in contriving the broadcast of media to promote positive points among its viewers. The studies should be devised with a broad view so as to cover all the aspects whether good or bad. Often the experts do not co-operate with the evaluators therefore the end results lack professional guidelines. Expert opinion is always required to cement the result of surveys & strengthen the evaluation.    The researches conducted in schools proved to be quite remarkable & helped in collecting physical & psychological health of the children. The information given was backed by the annual report cards & examination results of each student. More studies should be conducted in different level schools. It provides a beneficial lead in devising theories regarding the children. Future directions for research Further research is needed in this field and especially research must be conducted to study the effect of media on developmental psychology of children. Future research will reveal how violence in media is affecting children and the related frequency of occurrence of abnormal psychological disorders. This will help taking further steps to stop such media violence and avoid psychological problems.    The research conducted proves that moderate television viewing with parents check is rather favorable for the young children. The media can be used as an effective tool in teaching & developing sound habits in children through parental guidance & proper planning of the medium’s people. Parents can use the specific shows as guidelines to satisfy the child’s inquisition. Watching programs with good values & ethics on TV can help the children understand the right way to behave.    However the media is being used in a limited way, the variety of messages that can be incorporated through the medium is being ignored. Changes must be designed to use the medium in a finest way. The gaps left by this research & evaluation should be fulfilled by further researches that are extensively conducted.    Advertising &entertainment industries represent the culture & spirit of the respective country to the rest of the world & must not be used casually. Parents & teachers should come up with strategies to create a sense of understanding in the children from an early age.   The parents should realize what effects the movies & content on TV are having on their children & try to minimize TV viewing at home level. Some ways that may be incorporated by parents to limit children’s revelation to violence are: Restricting & keeping a check on what their children view on TV Discussing the programs with older children or young adults to clear their minds of any confusion & help them in expressing their opinions. Start a family oriented time by going for picnics, organizing a special lunch or dinner. Allow the children to watch TV for a selected time period & only programs that are desirable for their viewing. Offer criticism on TV channels & sponsors for showing in appropriate programs or content so as to force them to use proper censorship. Conclusion    The effects whether positive or negative concerning today’s media are out in the open. It is the duty of every individual to counter such issues & raise their voices to control them. Many researches & experiments are being conducted to realize the short-term & long-term effects of violent media. Feelings of hostility, revenge, anger sprout in a young mind & provoke him or her to retaliate. Many reasons that promote violence on media are present. Often the viewer & the broadcaster thinks the effect is too minute to make a difference in anyone’s mind, nevertheless children are affected by the smallest of acts without worrying about its positive or negative aspect. The media declaring that that there is no understanding of the definition of violence among the people & continue to showcase the explicit content. They further comprehend by saying they show what the people want to watch. Believing that violence shown on media is simply showcasing real life. This is mostly observed in news channels & movies, where gruesome details of murder & accidents are shown openly. Parents allow children to view violent content in the name of comedy, many well-liked shows illustrate this example such as the ever popular tom & jerry cartoon which shows both the characters beating or pummeling each other References Anon., (May 28, 2003) Preventing violence by teaching non-violent problem-solving American Psychological Association, [accessed 1st December 2007] Anon, (February 19, 2004) Violence in the media – psychologists helps protect children from harmful effects American Psychological Association [accessed 1st December 2007] Donald E. Cook, (September 13, 2000) Testimony of the American academy of pediatrics on media violence presented to the U.S. senate commerce committee http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/mediaviolencetestimony.pdf Douglas A. Gentile, David A. Walsh, Paul R. Ellison, Michelle Fox & Jennifer Cameron (May, 2004) Media violence as a risk factor for children: a longitudinal study– presented to the American Psychological Society 16th Annual Convention, Chicago, Illinois- pgs 2-5 Jean Tepperman, [January-February 1997]. What do children learn from media violence? Children’s Advocate newsmagazine, Action Alliance for Children Action Alliance for Children [accessed 1st December 2007] Joanne Cantor, (April 19, 2002). The psychological effects of media violence on children and adolescents Presented at the Colloquium on Television and Violence in Society Kenneth W. Merrell, (1999) Assessment of other behavioral, social, and emotional problems: Behavioral, Social and Emotional Assessment of Children and Adolescents Lawrence Erlbaum Associates- Mahwah, NJ. Publication chapter 11, pg 275 Laura B. Clark (2007) Influence on children media – history of media for children, general considerations, studies of media influence, domains of influence, recommendations– Education Encyclopedia Moataz M. Abdel- Fattah & Abdel-Rahman A. Asal, (August 13, 2006) Prevalence, symptomatology, and risk factors for depression among high school students in Saudi Arabia copyright  © 2005 Europe’s Journal of Psychology [Accessed 1st December 2007] http://www.ejop.org/archives/2006/08/prevalence_symp.htm Wendy L. Josephson, (February 1995) Television violence: a  review of the effects on children of different ages for the Department of Canadian Heritage Reprinted with permission, by the Media Awareness Network. September 1997 [accessed on 1st December 2007]

Health Care Solutions Case Study Answers Essay

1.Assess the current strategy of HCOS toward its most critical market (mid-sized physician office). The current strategy of HCOS towards mid-sized physician’s offices is to increase their market share and profits by expanding the operation to the point that HCOS is nearly everywhere that there are mid-sized physician’s offices. This â€Å"increased market share by expansion† approach has worked for the most part. They have expanded operations to cover almost all main cities in the United States and thereby acquired a considerable portion of the market share in the third- party (small to mid-sized) physician’s office management industry. The pillars of HCOS’s approach to acquiring and retaining clients are to deliver superior customer service along with a high quality of products and services. This was a good strategy in part. The expansion strategy has worked by enabling HCOS to gain more customers. However, HCOS has recently noticed slowed growth and the loss of new business at an increasing rate. Their competitors are winning contracts over them. Their client’s feedback is that their once superior levels of customer service (competitive edge) have declined. 2.Can you offer any suggestions on how HCOS can improve its relationships with existing customers and develop new business opportunities more effectively? It is clear that with the expansion of their operations, HCOS has lost the high level of customer service that they were delivering to their clients when they were smaller. A couple of theories need to be examined in further detail to come to an accurate conclusion that can be acted upon. As the physician’s offices have grown they have incrementally required more and more from HCOS’s sales people. It is possible that the current sales force is spread too thin to cater to the increased needs of priority customers along with those of the rest of the region including new contracts. If this is the case, one possible solution is to hire more sales people to cover the gaps. At this point, HCOS has a solid core of experienced salespeople (more expensive salary) they can deviate from the previous hiring model and hire good sales people that do not have a healthcare background (less expensive salary) which can be mentored by the existing sales force. Another theory that needs to be examined is whether or not the experienced sales force has simply become complacent making 80k per year on average and have reduced their attention to customer service and to acquiring new contracts. If this is the case, the sales people that have become complacent need to be put on notice by hiring new salespeople and possibly reassigning existing accounts to those who earn them based on merit, such as those who acquire the most new accounts within a year or those who receive the most accolades for excellent levels of customer service from their clients.

price and place Essays

price and place Essays price and place Essay price and place Essay Lecture 5: PRICE AND PLACE Price: Define the pricing concept and explain different pricing methods ( cost oriented, competitor oriented and market oriented pricing) -Explain pricing strategies for new products( market penetration and market skimming) AND existing products. ( Understand condition and when we can use it) -Consider ethical issue in pricing ( dont think it will be on the exam) PLACE: Define place(distripution) concept and explain the role of intermediaries in distribution channel Describe types of distribution channels Explain factors to consider in formulating channel strategy Consider ethical issues in distribution Past exam questions: 1 . Define two pricing strategies for new products: MARKET SKIMMING AND MARKET PENETRATION. List the conditions which are suitable for each of these strategies according y. Provide examples for each strategy. 2. Critically assess the benefits of two pricing strategies for new products: market skimming dn market penetration. Discuss which pricing method you would use and why in lunching the new phone and the game console PS4 PRICE: What will happen if we charge too much for a product o too little? If you charge too little, then you have to understand that demand fo a product or service could be igh, we will be losing a profit for the organization, and if you charge too much for a poduct we have to think about competitors, who can charge less than us. 1. Pricing Concept: Out of marketing mix(4Ps) Pice is the revenue earner. The other thee elements of the marketing mix product, promotion and place are costs. 2. THE DEMAND CURVE: In the demand curve we r talking about the product and the price relathionship. For example is you charge E50 FOR A particular t-shirt or Jeans , then the quantity in the market could be lets say 2000 units. If they decries the price from E50 to E30 then you xcept the demand fo the product to increase from Quantityl to quantity 2. And from 2000 units demand can be now 3000 units. By reducing the price from E50 to E30 we increased demand for pear of Jeans to go from 2000 to 3000 units. The products that we are buying at the supermarket when a huge sells promotion and then demand increased is and this is called PRODUCT AND PRICE ELASTILITYCY or we say that the price is elastic in this case. By increasing the price, we are not able to increase demand of the product. If you think about market with luxury objects like watch, increase in price not necessary impact increase in demand of this product. Even sometimes aecrles In prlce can sena negative signal to tne market. Example: the guitar producer; very high quality producer. When they decided to demand their prices of 30% send negative signal to the customers and the company suffered. There are also product which are price elastic. There are also other factors which demands: like promotion, if you talk about different region of the country, income levels per country, tradition, 3. PRICING METHODS: (strategies) -Cost Oriented Pricing: The simple pricing method takes into account all cost of producer product then we ad additional mark up. Two types are: Full Cost Pricing: pricing takes into account full cost of making product which can be fixed and variable and adds mark up. This can include fixed cost and also variable cost. Direct Cost Pricing: Calculation of only those costs that are likely to rise as output increases ( variable costs) -fixed costs: these costs dont change as output increases , for ex: office and manufacturing facilities. Variable costs: the cost that increases as output increases, for ex: raw materials, electricity. Lets assume that full cost of producing one pair of Jeans E50 (its included fixed cost as well variable cost), hen of to of them we want additional 20% so we happy to sell it fo E60 ( Elo OF Profit on each Jeans). Direct cost involved : we can only take in to account only variable cost; we ignore fixed cost. FULL COST PRICING: A DVANTAGES: By using full cost pricing we include all cost incurred , were would it be the fixed cost or variable cost. So it is gives an indication of the minimum price, needed to make a profit. If you dont charge the minimum price to make a profit then company will be making a lose It X has the constraint, we use other methods. AND this will be competetitive pricing as well marketing orientation price. If you dont consider all cost in the long term company will be making lose o could go bankrupt because if you dont cover all the cost in term it is difficult to make a profit and if you are not making a profit, you wont be able to cover the cost in the long term. CRITICISMS: Because its looks in a personal orientation rather than in external marketing orientation by charging a price, we are ignoring the customer willingness to pay. Lets assume that I develop a new product for example a laptop, and using a new software. Each laptop costs me E2000 to produce. How much profit I want to make Lets say 25%. Lets charge E500 more so my laptop is E2500. As a manufacturer I decide that I sell the laptop for E2500. It will be success? Everything depends on demand. Either the customers may be able to purchase the product and if they are willing to buy my product or not? E2500 may be too expensive and the customers will for another cheaper option. The second is followed strictly, leads to incise in price when demand falls. So when I produced my laptop it was E2000 this include fixed and variable cost; And every time demand falls for the laptop because is to expensive; And I need to still cover my fixed cost. facilities I use in the factory o fixed salary to my employees. So every time demand falls, for example I expected to sell 10. 000 units of my laptop, but I sold Just only 5000. So I still need to cover the fixed cost (for the factory, fixed salary and so on). So what happened is: the price for a product will increase because you want to cover more rather than chargingE 2. 500, now I need to cnarge Decause I nave more costs to cover so I need to cnarge E4000. When you think about it ,it doesnt make logical sense; from the market point of view because my product sold already because there is no much demand and nstead of reducing the price or changing some feature of the product you are increasing the price of the product to cover all my costs and the result will be that my company would go bankrupt. Is illogical because a Sales estimate is made before a price is set. Maybe problems in allocating overheads. The fixed cost for the organization is E50. OOO; I expect to produce 50 units and I expect to sell 50 units. So all those E50. OOO fixed cost each product will allocate EIOOO. It is difficult point of view because reality point of view we have competitors and the market acceptability of the product. And the last problem is: when I produce or example various product with in one organization it will be very difficult to allocate all head cost like electricity, rent and labour. Without to be technical what its means is when you have overhead cost such like rent, gas I will have to allocate those cost into each product. The where you allocate those costs actually will define how much the product will cost. And is very complex process, if you get it wrong some product may not be sale very well in the market , some good product actually could be pull out of the market because of the wrong allocation of the overall. DIRECT COST PRICING: Advantages: We ignore fixed cost we Just consider the variable cost; and direct cost relevant in producing one additional product in the manufacture facility. Why would I do it What are the advantages of ignoring the fixed cost Direct cost pricing avoid the problems of allocating the overhead; Indicates price up demand the problem because rather than allocating the fixed cost every time to a product we are putting in the side, we are only consider cost directly reverent to each unit of the product. Lowest price which allows the marketing people to identify the lowest price which makes sense to charge for the product. For example: If you think about Hotel or airline industry; there are some fixed cost there are also some variable cost. Airline ; ex: there are 200 seats every day on particular fly from London to Madrid. If there are 200 seats by rather we fly with 1 person or 200 people, the price, the fixed cost incurred will remain the same, but variable cost changes. For each ticket to fly we are charging E200, out of those E200, EIOO is a fixed cost (such as salary of the pilot, fuel, the charges we pay to the airport) and there are EIOO variable cost which is directly related to each passenger (the meals provided, drinks and so on). If you are the manager for this airline on the particular date only 10 people fly there will be very difficult to cover all cost. So you have dilemma and you know you cant charge E200 for a ticket, but what you can do , you can charge El 50 or E120. What does it allow us to do When we charge El 50 thats definitely covering the fixed cost, we cant do anything about it. But on top of that is also allowing us to earn what we call PROFIT MARGEN of E50. So when we sell the ticket for El 50, EIOO covers the all additional costs and variable costs and on the top of that we have E50 extra; this E50 wont cover nls Tull Tlxea cost, nowever Its covers some 0T tne Tlxea costs wnlcn Is DeneTlclal to the company. If we wont sell the tickets for a El 50 still for any lost seats on the airplane we are losing fixed EIOO (the fixed cost) So if you sell any ticket abo the EIOO it is benefitial. Criticisms: When business is buoyant, we have more demand for a product an it doesnt give any correct indication of optimum price customer is willing to pay because in this case we are charging low and actually price of the product; Using airline as a example, when we are charging direct cost pricing it can work only in the short term because if you se the strategy in the long term it means in the long term you are not covering your fixed cost and company in the future will be making significant loses SUmarazing the DIRECT COST PRICING it is a good strategy, but Just for a short time. PRICING METHODS: 1. COMPETITOR ORIENTED PRICING : Our pricing depends on what the competitors charge. Going- rate pricing: when we thing that our product or service is not different in a particular market and doesnt have any differentiation and doesnt have any competitive advantages the company will accept going rate. For example raw materials like otton; if you buying particular product it can be the same , however competitors can provide additional services, for example: better customer service , it could provide better credit terms. Ex: REAL TED TO THE Steel stake holder Trummans, who sales steel. They have the same steel product sales to the customers ; one of the strategies Trummans uses to sales the steel to the large organizations, it develop strategy of delivering on the time and there was the price guaranty saying that if they dont deliver on the time they will give 10% of money back. This strategy was so successful for organizations. Producer they were willing to pay 5% more. Competitive bidding: This happens more often in business-to-business market (82B), when organization are selling products or services to another organization. One of the difficulties in competitive bidding; example NHS or school authorities decided to build 10th additional school and they want the other instruction companies in the I-JK to bid the contract. One of the challenges in competitive bidding is charge blind. You do your research, and then you charge. Usually the supplier will choose the lowest (most competitive) price. If you were working for a particular community who should decide ho should the build the school. What are the other factors you would consider? Factors apart from price we consider, how reliable is the construction company; what are the time frame, did they build schools before, do they have the skills, is there guaranty, and many other factors. 2. Marketing orientated pricing: its listens to the market and his strategy is obviously reflected in there. There are some key factors: a) Marketing strategy: when you thinking about pricing the product o service, each should be in line with the marketing strategy. For example when we launch a new product there are TWO STRATEGIES available to us: MARKET SKIMMING or PRICE PENETRATION and both of those methods could be use when we launch a new product. You cant use both in one time; you can use one or tne otner. Ana tnen It wlll nave tne marketing consequence. What is our positing strategy: when we are launching a new product our choice of target market and creating differentiation advantage, the value is delivered to the customes. For example: when first calculators were developed they had 3 key segments: they had engineers and scientists who pay high values to the calculator and accountants and bankers and general public. o for the first segment they charged E250 per calculator, when for general public when Casio entered the market was Elo or less. So managers should decided which target market they should concentrate on, and understand the values. When we think about Mercedes Case study, we look on over their sells to higher customers then and now they are increasing their segment, they are bringing modify versions of the cars which are bit cheaper to the high car segment. Merceds by producing different models, modify the versions of the models they are able to charge different prices and then attract the arger segments B)Price quality relationship: there is a relationship between price and the quality received by customer. Many people use the price as a indicator of the quality of the product or service. The study has shown that higher price of the cars presets higher quality. Ex: pills for the pain. They were two types of pills, one E2. 50 ,other EO. 50, but they were the same pills. But after research on customers , the consumers said that pills for E2. 50 were working better. Another example is trying the wine, test with 2 bottle of wine. c) Product Line pricing: you looking in existing roduct and you expending product range so you can charge different price ranges. For example, when you think about Apple, when they launched iPod shuffle for E50, when the iPod cost E250. By bringing the simple version of the iPod, you are attractive new segment, because there is a massive different between to pay E50 and E250. and this increase the revenue for the organization And profit. However, you need to be very careful by charging to little for the product to an attractive a new segment, and it can send it confusing message to the other segment. d) Negotiating margins: is where we expecting the price reduction. When we pay the price different from the list price. It can depend on getting large order, paying cash in developing countries which is an advantage. if the negotiating price is a part of the culture, of tradition; and those companies who are launching their product in this particular country should be it should take it this in to the count with their pricing strategy. d) Political factors: If you charge high prices and the public cry European commission can intervene, like for medicine products and childrens games. For example in the I-JK regulation off come had to reduce the prices like orange. If there is situation of monopoly and the only one organization provides the service or oligopoly,when we have few large players in the market , market should be tightly controlled by organizations which consider competition and protects their customers. For example if you think about recent out cry of increase prices of electricity and gas by 10%, so you have 6 large players in the I-JK market which dominate 95% of the market. So if they decide to increase the price by 10% those 6 organizations work together and is very difficult for the customers to go somewhere else because you dont have an option. Politician can entered and hold them for the price changes. e) Costs: what every we do in the market, in the future the price we charge should cover all cost consider, whatever it could be variable cost or fixed cost as such. f) Effect on OlstrlDutors/ retallers: wnen we use tne OlstrlDutors, Tor example IT you nave aalry product manufacturer and you sale your products through the supermarkets. In this case when you change the price, you need also consider rules of the retailers. For example, the Mullher yogurts, if you want to use penetration pricing distributors can refuse your product, it is not much profit to be made. ) Competition: in the market, you cannot operate in isolation. There are always other companies offering similar product or service. Your price is in one way or to other, and is related to your competitors. We need to understand who the competitors are. First, you have imitative competitors the competitors who are producing technically similar product. You can have secondary competitors : different product selling in the same way. h) Explicability: means that sells people to explain why they are charging particular price, specifically the higher price for product and service. They should be able to justify the price. Think about the Michelin tires, there are one of the biggest manufacturers in the world. As far as car manufacture is considered and being the largest in the market they also charge the premium price for the particular tires. If you are the car manufacturer you want to understand why are you paying the premium price. If they are able to explain why the price is high due specific technology to develop those particular tires, higher quality, the longer life of the product then obviously the manufacturer may be more willing to purchase the product and pay higher price than the competitors. i) Value to customer: it is very mportant to us to estimate what is the product value to the customer; because we can use various methods to assess their value to the customers as far as manufacture product is concerned. We can use different test to see how much customer is ready to pay for the product: 1. rade of analysis :it measure between the price and other product features which may impact the product preference; For example, by using the trade of analysis could it provide it different product features with different price range and could be asked what product they prefer. You can even do the test for a launching the ice cream. By applying trade of analysis you find what should be the optimal price and what qualities should be included in the product which are valued by customers. 2. Experimentation : when we have the particular product , lets say if you think about supermarkets they have hundreds of stores in the I-JK. When the launch a new product in a different location they can launch the same product with different prices i different location, to asses the customers reaction where they are happy to buy a product. They can decide for other stores what should be the price. When they do the experimentation , they can use ontrolled store experiment, they selct some stores and compeer ; for example if you have 300 stores you pick 50 of them and you launch the product and in other 250 you launch the product; then you compare the impact of the price change of those 50 to other 250 stores. . test marketing: works in the way if you have again 300 stores, rather than launching the product you can decided to pick up several stores to launch the product with the particular launching strategy and to see how it is performing as far as the pricing is concern you can make good decision of what should be the pricing, the strategy for the overall product of stores. 4. economic value analysis to the customers: ve ry important to 82B business. They consider the economic value of the product. Ex: Michelin tires . car manufactures purchasing tnelrs product, tney want to unaerstana wnat Is tne economic value 0T partlcular tire And what the duration of this product. for example you pay more, but last double time than the competitors product. PRICING NEW PRODUCT STRATEGIES MARKET SKIMMING: Marketing Skimming Pricing- is when we charge a high price to attract the least price sensitive market segments. We try to attract the market segments, which are not price sensitive. Many companies which invent a new product initially set high prices to skim the revenues layer by layer from the market because when they launch a new product there are not other product available in the market. Good example will be when digital cameras were first introduced they were selling for over E 1000 for the public and for around E 5000 for semi professional. In 2003 when Canon introduced similar cameras but they were priced less than EIOOO they sold 1. billion units in a year because was huge demand. Another good example will be when Sony launched first HD TV in 1990s the price was E30. OOO per TV, and now around E500. There are 7 key factors which should be applicable when we use the skimming market: what we need to take toa count for a particular organization it doesnt need to be all 7 conditions, it could be some of the conditions met. 1. Product provides high value: If the product provides high value you can charge the premium price. But what you need to take to a count is high value could be due functional compatibility of the product; for example, better design, better material, better technology, but also could be some sociological value when you buy a perfume roduct like Chanel, is more a sociological value than the functional value. 2. Customers have high ability to pay: If the customers are not able to buy the product it is very difficult to sell it. For example when you launch the product in the development countries your product could be offer a very high quality , you may have very high demand for a product. However, you cant launch the product using skimming strategy if the income of those people does not allow to buy your product 3. Consumer and bill payer are different: For example hotels. Hotels can charge premium price during the weekdays where mostly business people stay in the hotel. However, on the weekends they can charge much lower prices for the families. During the business needs , the company is more than happy to pay a premium price and the people dont pay for the room, the company that they work for them. The same with the trains, in the morning they charge more, because they now that professional are going to work. 4. Lack of competition: in extreme case you will have the monopoly and there is one large organization in the particular market and where is no competitor you can charge a premium price, because customers they dont have any option, for example the gas/oil company. 5. Excess demand: limited amount of supply and the price for the product goes up. 6. High pressure to buy: in case of emergency customers are happy to pay more for the product o service. For example, the airplanes companies, they pay more for the urgent repairs.. Because where is the problem at the airport territorial and they need and urgent repair. The cost of the urgent situation they will pay the premium price. 7. Switching costs: it could be very expensive Tor me to cnange my product needs Trom one suppller to anotner. IT you think about an organization, lets say if you are particular retail bank and you already nvested millions of pounds in your IT system and you are using lets say windows operating system and on the top of that you are investing rather on other program. Lets say windows 8 and related problems and as a organization you are not happy with your windows operating system; at the same time changing the windows operating system you need to consider the switching cost, money already invested. Changing the operating system can be very expensive( training the stuff and so on). Switching the mobile phones for example from iphone to Samsung, and you have at home your music system that works with the iphone, but doesnt work with the Samsung mobile. So this may be expensive, because you may have to buy a new music system suitable for a Samsung. PRICING NEW PRODUCTS STRATEGIES MARKET PENETRATION PRICING: MARKET PENETRATION PRICING we use aggressively low price to gain volume and market share. Companies can set a initial low price to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers in the market and have large market share. Once the market share is won, organisation may decide to increase the price which happens in most of the times. There are 6 conditions 1. Only feasible alternative: For example if you have a product, which is not so ifferent to competitors product in the market and you want to launch this product you have to go to competitive launch pricing. You try to charge similar price as your competitors or you charge less price to attract more customers. 2. Market penetration or domination: some companies use market penetration or domination strategy to gain the market share. For example, insurance company the Direct Line was launch , aggressively challenge all insurance companies because they offer direct services . And now they are the market leader for home and auto- insurance. 3. Experience curve effect/ low costs: example for higher product which uses market penetration and domination strategy by charging market penetration prices. High quality product you charge lower price , penetration pricing once you have the market share then you increase the price. Good example will be the Mercedes company in the US market in 1967. When they entered the market in the US the Mercedes wasnt known for the quality. They charged much lower price in 1967 to attract more customers, to let customers know. hat good quality cars they were producing. By 1982 the Mercedes doubled the price. if you increase output of the roduct, the cost reduces. If the production double then the cost of producing the product reduces by 20%. The larger corporations which they have high production facilities they can significantly reduce their prices so they have better market competitive advantage to bit the competitors. For examp le, Intel due to the large market share (80%) when they were challenged by smaller company AMD, due to the cost advantages of Intel they could reduce the price up to 60%. Within 6 weeks they defeated the competitor. Because the Itel was already making the huge profit, they could manipulate the prices to bit the competitors. . Make money later or elsewhere: Make money later- when you make a product you are happy to not making any profit Tor tne product you sell, out tnen agaln you wlll make money later on selling additional product. For example the printers. You buy the printer for E30 and then you run of the ink, so you need to buy a new ink for your printer. So if you buy a new one you must buy ink for a particular printer. And then you have to pay some like E40/50, Those companies make more money on selling the inks for the printers than on actually printers. The other example will be the Gillette company with theirs razors. They make more money on razors than on blades. They make 5% on the razors, and 95% is coming from the blades. Make money elsewhere for those who drive the cars so you need a petrol, sometimes supermarket who sells the petrol doesnt make money, but they work as a trigger to attractive people to make the shopping. . Barrier to entry: If you have already low price, it can be difficult for competitors to enter , example : easy Jet and Rainair. They have already large market share they allow to manipulate the market, as at the same time it will be very difficult for a new companies to enter to bit them with the prices. . Predation: is when you artificially reduce price to put you other competitors out of the business. Once you get rid of you competitors then you increase the price for your product. Microsoft was accused for predation, when they banded 3 software such as internet browser and Media Player with his best selling windows operating system. NEW PRODUCT LAUNCH STRATEGY: High Rapid skimming Slow skimming Rapid penetration Slow penetration PROMOTION Low PRICE Rap10 SKImmlng ana Slow sKlmmlng: we cnarge tne premium prlce, promotlon could be high as well or promotion could be low, when we call a slow skimming. RAPID SKIMMING- when we charge a lot of money for the product and spend a lot of on promotion. For example Nike or Adidas: they spend significant amount money on promotion. However, there are some companies whose not spending money on promotion. For example, the Rolls-Royce company , they are expensive, but they dont spend money on promotion because this is very well know brand. The same the Swiss watches. PENETRATION PRICING : THE price is low but we can spend huge amount of money on promotion or lower amount of money on promotion. RAPID PENETRATION: in this case we spend a lot of money on promotion but the price is low. When you think about easy Jet and Rayanair when they spend significant amount of money to promote the cheapest fly. SLOW PENETRATION STRATEGY: when we say the price is low but we dont spend any money on promotion. Especially if we have on label brand , any supermarket ; asda fines wines, etc. PRICING EXISTING PRODUCTS STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES BUILD OBJECTIVE: and e want to increase the market then it would depend whatever on price sensitive market so price lower than competitors. If the price is insensitive then pricing, strategy depends on positioning strategy; for example, sometimes increasing the price could be a etter strategy, depending where you are in the market. Example Luis Vuitton when during Christmas they were struggling with the supplier with their particular bags they did increase the price by 20%. This increase made that people were even more interested to buy the bags. In this situation added value to the brand . HOLD OBJECTIVES: (HOLD SALES/ MARKET SHARE): we are protecting our market share. we dont want to increase our market share but in the same time we dont want to reduce it. Everything depends on how on competitors are doing. Supermarkets: the biggest 6 have their shares and they dont want any other to enter. If Tesco starts the war of reducing the prices then Asda would follow AND THE same strategy would by follow buy other. So they are fghting with each other to make sure they wont lose their position in the market share. HARVEST OBJECTIVE ( MAINTAIN OR RAISING PROFIT MARGINS EVEN THOUGH SALES/ MARKET SHARE FALLING) : when we serve one segment and we want to move to other segment. Reposition the existing product. Ex: Skoda cars, they had to reposition their product, because few years ago their cars were cheap, bad quality. Once Skoda repositioned their segment they became one of the top sellers in the western Europe. PLACE ( DISTRIBUTION)